Table 3

Summary of previous publications on intraoperative fluorescence imaging for perfusion assessment in terms of endpoint measures and additional information

ApplicationsNo. of publicationsEndpoint measuresAdverse effects of fluorescence imagingAssessment of learning curveCost analysisIDEAL stage
Main purposeImaging accuracyClinical impact, changes in intraoperative decision makingSignificant advantages in postoperative outcomes (No. of publications)
CABG17Assessment of graft/anastomotic patency 75%–100% success rate
 50%–100%/100% sensitivity/specificity
 documented in
 71% publications		 0.5%–7.2%
 documented in
 71% publications		–None1 (6%)1 (6%)2b
Upper GI surgery35Assessment of remnant stomach perfusion 50%–100% success rate documented in
 54% publications		 23%–40%
 documented in
 11% publications		Less anastomotic leak (1)None0 (0%)02a
Colorectal surgery33Assessment of colorectal perfusion to be anastomosed 63%–100% success rate
 100%/93% sensitivity/specificity
 documented in
 39% publications		 3.7%–40%
 documented in
 82% publications		Less anastomotic leak (7)/stenosis (1)None0 (0%)02b
Solid organ transplantation13Assessment of vessel patency and graft perfusion 100% success rate
 documented in
 69% publications		 0%–30%
 documented in
 23% publications		–None0 (0%)02a
Reconstructive surgery38Assessment of graft perfusion 71%–100% success rate
 85%–100%/88%–100% sensitivity/specificity
 documented in
 39% publications		 4.3%–70%
 documented in
 21% publications		Less postoperative complications (2), necrosis (8), infection (2)None2 (5%)3 (8%)3
Cerebral aneurysm surgery60Assessment of aneurysm closure and cerebral artery perfusion 74%–100%
 documented in
 82% publications		 4.4%–50%
 documented in
 55% publications		Less ischemic complications (1)Sat O2 decrease (ICG, 1) and skin yellowing (fluorescein, 10)0 (0%)2 (3%)2b

  • CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; GI, gastrointestinal; ICG, indocyanine green.