Summary of previous publications on intraoperative fluorescence imaging for perfusion assessment in terms of study design and imaging techniques
| Applications | No. of publications | No. of reported cases (Max. sample size) | Study design | Imaging techniques | IDEAL stage | |
| Fluorogenic agent | Frequently used dose (range) | |||||
| CABG | 17 | 1401 (200) | Small case series*, 9 (53%) Prospective studies, 15 (88%) Large multicenter study†, 0 (0%) RCT, 1 (6%) | ICG (100%) | 1.25–2.5 mg recognized (35%) (0.625–5.0 mg) | 2b |
| Upper GI surgery | 35 | 1001 (86) | Small case series*, 31 (89%) Prospective studies, 12 (34%) Large multicenter study†, 0 (0%) RCT, 0 (0%) | ICG (100%) | 2.5 mg IV (34%) (1.25–25 mg) | 2a |
| Colorectal surgery | 33 | 3718 (609) | Small case series*, 15 (45%) Prospective studies, 16 (48%) Large multicenter study†, 2 (6%) RCT, 0 (0%) | ICG (100%) | 2.5–5 mg IV (31%) or 0.2–0.5 mg/kg IV (30%) (2.5–12.5 mg) | 2b |
| Solid organ transplantation | 13 | 308 (77) | Small case series*, 13 (100%) Prospective studies, 9 (69%) Large multicenter study†, 0 (0%) RCT, 0 (0%) | ICG (100%) | 2.5–7.5 mg IV (38%) or 0.3–0.5 mg/kg IV (31%) (0.6–25 mg) | 2a |
| Reconstructive surgery | 38 | 4830 (3,315) | Small case series*, 23 (61%) Prospective studies, 17 (45%) Large multicenter study†, 0 (0%) RCT, 1 (3%) | ICG (97%) | 5–12.5 mg IV (37%) or 0.5 mg/kg IV (13%) (1.5–30 mg) | 3 |
| Cerebral aneurysm surgery | 60 | 3745 (347) | Small case series*, 45 (75%) Prospective studies, 7 (12%) Large multicenter study†, 0 (0%) RCT, 0 (0%) | ICG (98%) | 0.2–0.5 mg/kg IV (35%) or 25 mg IV (32%) (6–30 mg) | 2b |
*Retrospective or prospective studies including less than 100 cases in five or less centers, without a control arm.
†Prospective multicenter study including equal to or more than 100 cases.
CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; GI, gastrointestinal ; ICG, indocyanine green; IV, intravenous; RCT, randomized controlled trial.