*Data consistency: relevant uniformity of data across all hospitals, providers, and outpatients (eg, population/cohort identification, clinical documentation practices/policies between entities, workflow descriptions).

†Data completeness: presence of the necessary data elements for outcome assessment, use of common data elements, all data are electronically available and either complete or with little missing data.

‡Data models: CDMs include all data needed for decision making (eg, clinical data elements, unique device identifier).

§Data accuracy: EHR data are validated systematically, with comparison to the source, independent measurement, upstream data source, and known standard or valid values (eg, audits from charts).

¶Data automation: queries able to be run automatically against CDMs.

CDM, common data model; EHR, electronic health record; NEST, National Evaluation System for health Technology.