Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) in surgical education aims to support performance assessment and provide feedback for surgical trainees. Virtual reality (VR) uses an interactive learning environment for novice surgeons, minimising the risk of potential complications from operating on patients without adequate training. Published studies have determined the effectiveness of incorporating AI in VR surgical simulation. The aim of this review is to explore the benefits of AI in surgical training.

Methods A literature search was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar using the terms ‘Artificial Intelligence’’, virtual reality’, ‘surgical training’ and ‘surgical education’. Strict exclusion and inclusion criteria were applied. The CASP tool was used for critical appraisal.

Results The incorporation of AI into VR surgical simulation has helped add objective feedback to practice sessions. AI can measure kinematic data such as instrument trajectory and position, performance data such as bleeding and completeness of resection. The data processed can then be used to determine how well the surgery was done and to provide objective feedback for improvement. Limitations include the price of purchasing the equipment for VR and how augmented reality could be the cheaper alternative.

Conclusions The incorporation of AI in VR simulation training has evident benefits, but further research is required before it becomes more accessible in surgical education.